In practical applications of inverters, UNBALANCED conditions may be occurred. For instance, semiconductor switches of a converter may not be exactly the same or SWITCHING circuit may be UNBALANCED. This unbalance leads to additional harmonics in the output of converter. The additional harmonics usually are not considered in the design of circuit, so cause many problems. For precise investigation of these harmonics, a new model of inverter based on SWITCHING functions is presented. With this model, analytical equations of harmonics in UNBALANCED SWITCHING are calculated. These analytical equations can be used for designing process such as investigation of optimal cases or elimination of undesired harmonics. The accuracy of the analytical calculations is verified by simulation results. As well, an experimental prototype is constructed to verify analytical results.

Usually the multi-level inverters are controlled by using only one SWITCHING scheme such as staircase waveform. By using one SWITCHING scheme, the modulation index can be controlled only in a limited range. It is possible to solve this problem by changing the SWITCHING schemes for different values of modulation index. In this way, the modulation index can be controlled in a wide range from zero to over-modulation values. In this paper, a neural network is trained to estimate the SWITCHING ANGLES of each SWITCHING scheme. In this case, the number of neural networks will be equal to the number of SWITCHING schemes. For example, a seven levels multi-level inverter is used in this paper to prove that by using three different SWITCHING schemes and thereby three different neural networks, it is possible to control the modulation index from zero to over-modulation values, continuously. The proposed neural network structure can solve the custom difficulties of practical utilization of look-up tables such as large size of memory, complex digital circuits and controlling the magnitude of output voltage in a discrete manner.

Considering the importance of implementing monetary policy in any economy, its impact on the main economic variables, including production, is very crucial. This paper examines and analyzes the effects of positive and negative monetary shocks on production in Iran using the MS-DSGE model during the period of 1979-2004. The results of this study indicate that positive and negative monetary policies in the recession periods, as well as boom periods, have asymmetric effects on the growth of domestic production. The effect of positive and negative monetary shocks on production is higher during the recession than during the boom. Generally, the monetary shocks are more effective during the boom than the recession. Accordingly, it is suggested that to achieve the economic goals policymakers should implement their policies during the economic recessions.

In the last half century, in Iran, the development of capitalism within the framework of an oil-based economy caused the stagnation of the agricultural sector and the rapid growth of cities. This rapid growth of urbanization did not take place in a balanced way, but caused the growth of big cities and hindered the growth of small towns and villages. And despite the transformations in Iran's urban system, the image of settlement and establishment of the population and cities does not give a good picture. It is clearly clear that the rapid expansion of urbanization in Iran has turned the hope for a better future into a nightmare for millions of urban people in terms of their economic and social status. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, tries to investigate the reflections of UNBALANCED urbanization in the urban areas of Iran and the effects of this process in the spatial dimension, and finally the effects of this process in the urban network of Iran, with a scientific and argumentative perspective. According to the scientific analysis of UNBALANCED urbanization, if this trend continues in Iran's urbanization, we will witness unstable social and economic development, including an increase in unequal income, resource alliance, environmental destruction, and damage to Iran's natural and cultural heritage.

A long-running issue in scorecard construction in retail banking is how to handle dramatically UNBALANCED class sizes. This is important because, in many applications, the class sizes are very different. We describe the impact ignoring such imbalance can have and review the various strategies which have been proposed for tackling it, embedding them in a common theoretical framework. We then describe a new ’local’ method of scorecard construction which both theory and our experiments show yields superior performance to standard methods, while retaining their interpretative simplicity. We illustrate using real banking data sets.  

This paper introduces Markov-SWITCHING (MS) GARCH processes for capturing the skewness in the distribution of financial time series. The model class is motivated by the fact that empirical return distributions characterized by significant asymmetries, but the generic assumption of return distributions is Normal. The out of sample performance of symmetric and asymmetric MS GARCH models is compared in an application to Tehran exchange price index (Tepix). Finally, to put the Regime-SWITCHING models into perspective, we add to the list of competitors a popular model which may serve as a benchmark, i.e., the single–regime GARCH (1, 1). It turns out that asymmetric MS GARCH processes perform best overall.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Among all glaucoma types, primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) affects approximately 23 million people worldwide, and is responsible for 50% of glaucoma-related blindness, highlighting the devastating consequences of this disease. The main mechanism of PACG is relative pupillary block. High-risk populations are female gender, Asian ethnicity, high hyperopia, short axial length, and a thick/anteriorly positioned lens. This review discusses the clinical diagnosis, classification, and management of patients with a narrow angle with and without intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and glaucomatous optic nerve damage, including laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI), endocycloplasty (ECPL), lens extraction, and goniosynechialysis.